Thursday, December 21, 2017

Lexember, Day 20: Inversion, part I


Instead of a selection of new vocabulary today, instead I wanted to give a little bit of insight into a part of Gutish morphology that I’ve been smoothing out over the past few months.

When I give conjugations of verbs in those tables I set up for some of the Lexember blogs, I just give the base form [pronoun]+[conjugated verb], and in most languages that’s really all you need.  In Gutish it’s usually all you need as well, but the form of the verb can change slightly depending on whether it precedes the pronoun and/or is negative.

Inverted forms of verbs are very important in Gutish, because the V2 nature of the language makes the [verb]+[pronoun] format as common as the standard [pronoun]+[verb] order.  Irregular verbs are also more likely to have differences between their default and inverted forms.  Take, for example, wisna ‘to be’, the most common of verbs:

Ind.Sbj.
Prs.Pst.Prs.Pst.
ik im
þū is
is ist
s’īst
it ist
wit sījum
wīs sījum
jut sījuþ
jūs sījuþ
īs sinþ
ījas sinþ
ī sinþ
ik was
þū wast
is was
sī was
it was
wit wēsum
wīs wēsum
jut wēsuþ
jūs wēsuþ
īs wēsun
ījas wēsun
ī wēsun
ik sīja
þū sījas
is sīja
sī sīja
it sīja
wit sījam
wīs sījam
jut sījaþ
jūs sījaþ
īs sījan
ījas sījan
ī sījan
ik wēša
þū wēsis
is wēse
sī wēse
it wēse
wit wēsim
wīs wēsim
jut wēsiþ
jūs wēsiþ
īs wēsin
ījas wēsin
ī wēsin

Pretty straightforward.  The only oddity is the third person feminine singular present indicative, and that’s only because of a pretty basic sandhi rule (-ī+i- → -’ī-) – just make sure that you put the long vowel on the right side of the apostrophe!  But now let’s look at the inverted forms (alternate/optional forms are given in parentheses):

Ind.Sbj.
Prs.Pst.Prs.Pst.
imik
istu
istis
ist sī
istit
sījum wit (sījum’t)
sījum wīs (sījum’s)
sījuþ jut (sīju’t)
sījuþ jūs (sījuþ’s)
sinþ īs (sinþ’s)
sinþ ījas (sinþ’s)
sinþ ī (sinþ’s)
wasik (wažik)
wastu
wasis (wažis)
was sī
wasit  (wažit)
wēsum wit (wēsum’t)
wēsum wīs (wēsum’s)
wēsuþ jut (wēsu’t)
wēsuþ jūs (wēsuþ’s)
wēsun īs (wēsun’s)
wēsun ījas (wēsun’s)
wēsun ī (wēsun’s)
s’īk
sījastu (sīstu)
s’īs
sīja sī
s’īt
sījam wit (sīm’t)
sījam wīs (sīm’s)
sījaþ jut (sī’t)
sījaþ jūs (sīþ’s)
sījan īs (sīn’s)
sījan ījas (sīn’s)
sījan ī (sīn’s)
wēšik
wēsistu
wēsis
wēse sī
wēsit
wēsim wit (wēsim’t)
wēsim wīs (wēsim’s)
wēsiþ jut (wēsi’t)
wēsiþ jūs (wēsiþ’s)
wēsin īs (wēsin’s)
wēsin ījas (wēsin’s)
wēsin ī (wēsin’s)

There are a few different types of things going on here, but you’ll notice that the oddball from the basic form is the only one that doesn’t have any sort of deviation when inverted.  So as far as what’s going on here:

  • When the verb ends in a consonant, the pronouns ik, is, and it readily attach right to the verb without so much as an apostrophe or an apology.
  • The second person in all cases shifts from þū to -tu.
  • The plural forms are pretty straightforward, but they all have optional contracted forms which are slightly opaque, especially the third person plural, all of which have the same contracted form.

I’ll touch on what happens with negation and some other less common verbs in another post soon - particularly if I run out of new vocabulary to talk about!

Wednesday, December 20, 2017

Lexember, Day 19

A minimalist lexember entry, but timely:

kristismisa n.st.f.ō Christmas.
kristus n.st.m.u Christ.
Nom.Gen.Dat.Acc.
Sg.kristuskristiskristakristo
Pl.kristiskrisčugakristimkristins
misa n.st.f.ō mass, church festival. Lat. missa.
Nom.Gen.Dat.Acc.
Smisamisismisamisa
Pl.misasmisamisammisas

Tuesday, December 19, 2017

Lexember, Day 18

Something a little different today: Not all of these words are new (though most are), but I got on a tangent finding adjectives based on building materials with the Proto-Germanic suffix –īnaz (Gothic –eins), which causes some interesting things to happen phonologically to the base words (umlaut, verschärfung, and maybe even a few other German words).

ǣka [e̞ːkɑ] n.st.f.ō oak. Quercus species.
Nom.Gen.Dat.Acc.
Sg.ǣkaǣkisǣkaǣka
Pl.ǣkasǣkaǣkamǣkas
ǣkins [e̞ːkins] adj.a oak, oaken, made of oak.

alúmine [ɑlúmine̞] n.st.n.ija alumin(i)um. Al.
Nom.Gen.Dat.Acc.
Sg.alúminealúminisalúminiaalúmine
alúminins [ɑlúminins] adj.a alumin(i)um, made of alumin(i)um.

bǣn [be̞ːn] n.st.n.a bone.
Nom.Gen.Dat.Acc.
Sg.bǣnbǣnisbǣnabǣn
Pl.bǣnabǣnabǣnambǣna
bǣnins [be̞ːnins] adj.a bone, made of bone.

blījo [bliːjo̞] n.st.n.wa lead, plumbum. Pb.
Nom.Gen.Dat.Acc.
Sg.blījoblījugisblījugablījo
blījugins [bliːjugins] adj.a lead, leaden, made of lead.

brasnas [brɑsnɑs] n.st.m.a brass.
Nom.Gen.Dat.Acc.
Sg.brasnasbrasnisbrasnabrasna
bresnins [bre̞snins] adj.a brass, brazen, made of brass.

glas [glɑs] n.st.n.a glass.
Nom.Gen.Dat.Acc.
Sg.glasglasisglasaglas
glesins [gle̞sins] adj.a glass, made of glass.

klǣǧis[kle̞ːʤis] n.st.m.ija clay.
Nom.Gen.Dat.Acc.
Sg.klǣǧisklǣǧisklǣǧaklǣde
Pl.klǣǧisklǣǧaklǣǧimklǣǧins
klǣǧins [kle̞ːʤins] adj.a clay, made of clay.
krōme [kro̞u̯me̞] n.st.n.ija chrome, chromium. Cr.
Nom.Gen.Dat.Acc.
Sg.krōmekrōmiskrōmakrōme
krœ̄mins [krø̞ːmins] adj.a chrome, made of chrome.

kwarǧ [kwɑrʤ] n.st.m.da quartz.
Nom.Gen.Dat.Acc.
Sg.kwarǧkwarðiskwarðakward
kwerðins [kwe̞rðins] adj.a quartz, quartzen, made of quartz.

liðra [liðrɑ] n.st.n.a leather. Syn. fitla.
Nom.Gen.Dat.Acc.
Sg.liðraliðrisliðraliðra
Pl.liðraliðraliðramliðra
liðrins [liðrins] adj.a leather, leathern, made of leather. Syn. fitlins.

līn [liːn] n.st.n.a flax, linen; cloth made of linen. Linum species.
Nom.Gen.Dat.Acc.
Sg.līnlīnislīnalīn
līnins [liːnins] adj.a linen, made of linen.

mapulðra [mɑpulðrɑ] n.st.n.a maple, maple tree. Acer species.
 Nom.Gen.Dat.Acc.
Sg.mapulðramapulðrismapulðramapulðra
Pl.mapulðramapulðramapulðrammapulðra
mapulins [mɑpulins] adj.a maple, made of maple, made of maple wood.

marmul [mɑrmul] n.st.n.a marble.
 Nom.Gen.Dat.Acc.
Sg.marmulmarmulismarmulamarmul
marmulins [mɑrmulins] adj.a marble, made of marble.

paporus [pɑpurus] n.st.m.u paper.
 Nom.Gen.Dat.Acc.
Sg.paporuspaporispaporapaporo
Pl.paporispaporjugapaporumpaporuns
paporins [pɑpurins] adj.a paper, made of paper.

stǣns [ste̞ːns] n.st.m.a stone.
 Nom.Gen.Dat.Acc.
Sg.stǣnsstǣnisstǣnastǣn
Pl.stǣnasstǣnastǣnamstǣnans
stǣnins [ste̞ːnins] adj.a stone, made of stone.

tero [te̞ro̞] n.st.n.wa pitch, resin. Cf. terui.
 Nom.Gen.Dat.Acc.
Sg.teroterusteruatero
terwins [te̞rwins] adj.a resinous, made of resin.

þāfa [θɑːfɑ] n.wk.f.ōn clay, ceramic.
 Nom.Gen.Dat.Acc.
Sg.þāfaþāfinsþāfanþāfan
Pl.þāfansþāfanaþāfamþāfans
þǣfins [θe̞ːfins] adj.a ceramic, made of clay. Syn. klǣǧins; of the two þǣfins refers specifically to a very fine clay.

tītane [tiːtɑne̞] n.st.n.ija titanium. Ti.
 Nom.Gen.Dat.Acc.
Sg.tītanetitanistītaniatītane
tītanins [tiːtɑnins] adj.a  titanium, made of titanium.

tunþus [tunθus] n.st.m.u tooth.
 Nom.Gen.Dat.Acc.
Sg.tunþustunþistunþatunþo
Pl.tynþistynþjugatunþumtunþuns
tynþins [tynθins] adj.a tooth, ivory, made of ivory.

wutla [wutlɑ] n.st.f.ō wool.
 Nom.Gen.Dat.Acc.
Sg.wutlawutliswutlawutla
wytlins [wytlins] adj.a woolen, made of wool.

Monday, December 18, 2017

Lexember, Day 17

ǭðagi [o̞:ðɑgi] n.wk.f.īn luck, fortune, auspice.
Nom.Gen.Dat.Acc.
Sg.ǭðagiǭðaginisǭðaginaǭðagin
Pl.ǭðaginsǭðaginaǭðagimǭðagins
ǭðaǧ [o̞:ðɑʤ] adj.a fortunate, lucky, auspicious.
gǣdo [ge̞ːdo̞] n.st.n.wa lack, dearth.
Nom.Gen.Dat.Acc.
Sg.gǣdogǣdusgǣduagǣdo
Pl.gǣduagǣduagǣdumgǣdua
prūma [pruːmɑ] n.wk.f.ōn plum.
Nom.Gen.Dat.Acc.
Sg.prūmaprūmansprūmanprūman
Pl.prūmansprūmanaprūmamprūmans
prūmaðra [pruːmɑðrɑ] n.st.n.a plum tree.
Nom.Gen.Dat.Acc.
Sg.prūmaðraprūmaðrisprūmaðraprūmaðra
Pl.prūmaðraprūmaðraprūmaðramprūmaðra
mapulðra [mɑpulðrɑ] n.st.n.a maple, maple tree.
Nom.Gen.Dat.Acc.
Sg.mapulðramapulðrismapulðramapulðra
Pl.mapulðramapulðramapulðrammapulðra
-þra [θrɑ] n.sfx.st.n.a tree. Becomes –ðra after vowels and liquids; otherwise –þra.
-ðra [ðrɑ] n.sfx.st.n.a See –þra.

Sunday, December 17, 2017

Translation: Le Petit Prince, Chapter I

As a way to beef up some of my Lexember vocabulary, I decided to start translating Saint-Exupéry’s Le Petit Prince into Gutish.  I’ve completed the first chapter, and I thought I would present it here as a sort of Lexember supplement – if you look back over the last couple of weeks of Lexember entries, you’ll be able to see where most of the words come from! – and just to level up some of my nerd street cred, I’ve interspersed it with some random vocabulary, glosses, grammatical footnotes, and other language candy. Enjoy! 
- BPnJ

PS – I’m totally counting this towards Lexember Day 16… maybe Day 17 too, since I’ve been working on this for many hours and I’m well into the 17th by now!

Sā Līta Þjuðnils

Þenik1 inþatma sǣstin wintra2 mīnin was, saguok3 silðalikat biliþ in bōkan frāðatma forðumin walða swī «Insǣtis Dōviða» hehǣt. Þat gakátniða boaworm iži ǧus slǭk. Þarusǣjo galīkin þižas urǣtins:
1 No apostrophes when contracting inverted verbs or conjunctions with ik, is, or it, even if there is elision.
2 Age is measured in “winters” rather than years. If you are 30 years old, you are said to be in your 30th winter (even if it is summer).
3 The irregular past tense of sǣjun is such that it undergoes h-verschärfung in the preterite singular: saƕ → /sahu/ → /sagwu/ → saguo), but saƕt → /sahut/ → /sagwut/ → /sagūt/ → sagut in the second person.
Inþiža bōka þag kwiðnas4: «Þǣ Boans slūknaþ atlenǧa hantiǧuža iža inu īja kingun. Þanasīðis nī kutnanþīs wigna, jaþan īs slēpnaþ miðni þiža iftumina sǣs mēnaða disētinis.»5
4 Passive construction: þiǧin + past participle. 5 “Quotation marks” in Gutish are represented (in transliteration, anyway) as double-guillemets.
Þanu6 ǧupave mitaðik frāðos nenþins þis frumwalðis. Jaþan, avruðna lītis šugitœ̄ǧis, langok at skepin þō frumista urǣtin mīna. Þ’ōrǣtin mīna Reþia Ǣna. Sī swē galǣk7:
6 Þanu is roughly equivalent to jaþan. There is no semantic difference; only stylistic. 7 Galǣk, from galīkna, originally a weak class 3 verb (Got. galeikan < Pgmc. galīkāną), reanalyzed as strong class 1.
Ik ǭgiða þat ogumwerk mīn þǣm uswāsanam, jā im frā8 iva9 mīna urītni im gǣsiða.
8 Frā, past singular of frǣnan ‘to ask’, not to be confused with the preposition frā ‘about’. 9 Iva, a conjunction meaning ‘whether’, is the complement of java, the equivalent of ‘if’.
Ekīs10 andworðiðun, «Hū uns gǣšiþ hǣča?»
10 ekīs = eki īs.
S’ōrǣti mīna nī was biliþ hǣčis. Sī was biliþ boawormis iži disētiða ulvando. Þā urǣtik þō indǣl þis boawormis, duþa nī kunþun īja freþin þǣ uswāsnas. Īs þorvun sintīna skīrinin. S’Ōrǣti Mīna Reþia Twō galǣk swē:
Mik rerōðun þai uswāsnas þetik skyǧa bilīðna þos boaworma urǣtins, upnaža ǣða slutnaža, jā mik andaþrýsčin frā landwīsin, forgāftwīsinu, rǣninu, tungawīsinu. Jā inþis, bī sǣs wintrum, hindralǣðik hwā ī māte wisna wisnas11 silðalika livansmēri pinguris. Ik was koroherts þiža dislínguna mīnan urǣtina reþia ǣna reþia twōžu.
11 This sentence is an excellent example of one of two ways that the perfect is formed in Gutish. Intrasitive perfects are formed much as they are in English, German, or French, by using an auxiliary verb (in Gutish, always wisna) followed by the past participle. So hwā ī māte wisna wisnas means ‘what might have been’.
Þǣ uswāsnas nījo wǣt hun sundra nī 
Þǣ uswāsnas n-ījo wǣt hun sundra
The.nom.msc.pl adult.pl not-ever thing.acc any.prt separately neg
Les grandes personnes ne comprennent jamais rien toutes seules
freþinþ, jā þat ist þǣm barnam afmœ̄ǧinþ, 
freþinþ, þat ist þǣm barnam afmœ̄ǧinþ,
understand.3pl.pres.indand that is the.dat.pl children.dat.pl exhaust.cau.prs.part
et c’est fatigant, pour les enfants
in ǣjugins atlawǣtis at skīrin dū im.
in ǣjugins atlawǣtis at skīrin im.
in eternity.acc.pl all-thing.acc.pl inf explain ben them.dat
de toujours leur donner des explications.
Þā kǭsik anþra bihǣtan, jā ik lǣs luftuskipa drīvna. Ik im þlugnas fǭ atlaþaðu þis miǧingarðis, jā it ist sanþ þeti landwīsi ist mis wisnas bōta. In braugo ǭgins kan ik sundradœ̄min Čīna Arisōnu. Java sist frafáriþ in nāta, swalika kynþi sīja avrave galǭva.

In rynia mīnažas livanis gakwímik filo managas mœ̄tins wiðra filo managa swēgnilǭsa ljuða gā. Ik im filo managa dūlnas12 miþem uswāsnam. Ik sǣjo im filo nēfua gā. Jā þat nī filo managa gabœ̄tiþ mīna mitan frā im gā13.
[In ˈryni.ɑ ˈmiːnɑʒɑs ˈlivɑnis gɑˈkwimˌik ˈfilo̞ ˈmɑnɑgɑs ˈmøːtʰins ˈwiðrɑ ˈfilo̞ ˈmɑnɑgɑ ˈswei̯gniˌlo̞ːsɑ ˈljuðɑ gɑː. ik im ˈfilo̞ ˈmɑnɑgɑ ˈduːlnɑs ˈmiθe̞m usˈwɑːsˌnɑm. ik ˈse̞ːjo̞ im ˈfilo̞ ˈnei̯fu.ɑ gɑː. jɑː θɑt niː ˈfilo̞ ˈmɑnɑgɑ gɑˈbøːtʰiθ ˈmiːnɑ ˈmitʰɑn frɑː im gɑː]
12 When regular processes cause /wu/ to occur in a closed syllable, it collapses to /uː/ (‹ū›). In the case of some class 2, 3, or 4 strong verbs with ‹w› immediately before the ablaut vowel, such as dwilna or swimna, this will occur in the past participle, e.g. dūlnas or sūmnas13 The other way perfects are formed in Gutish is represented here. Transitive verbs do not use an auxiliary; instead, the perfect is formed much closer to how the perfect was expressed in Gothic (although there was never a real Gothic perfect tense). The verb is conjugated normally in the tense most appropriate to the time being expressed, and the adverb gā is tacked onto the end of the clause – no awkward mucking about with participles or auxiliaries.
Þishwanu mœ̄čik ǣnan iži mis þūfta atlis šunskīr wisna, kǭsiðik þ’ōrītin14 mīna reþia ǣna, þō ī sintina wēriðik gā. Þarmiþ sōkiðik at finþna iva his ljuþs syninins kynþis was. Eki mis andhōvun sintina: «Þat ist hǣča.»
14 When a feminine singular noun that begins with /u/ follows the nominative or accusative definite article, sō+u or þō+u become, respectively, s’ō or þ’ō, hence þō urǣtiþ’ōrǣti. This is one of very few allowed instances of two subsequent long vowels.
Jaþan nī miðrœ̄ǧik nījo15 miþatma ljuða frā boawormam, nē forðumin walða, nē sternans. Jaþan mik anþnǣjugiðik þiža hœ̄þin is. Jaþan rœ̄ǧik miðitma frā briǧin, golvu, rīkiwitiu, halsgerðažu. Jaþan gabǭriða sā uswāsnas at mœ̄čin swē andaþāftna wer gā.
15 Double negatives! Oh no! While not obligatory, they’re also not wrong, and are sometimes preferred in phrases with negatives other than the explicit negative particle .

Saturday, December 16, 2017

Lexember, Day 15

þarmiþ adv. therewith, with that, in this way, thus.
andaþaft adj.st sensible, rational, reasonable, practical.
jaþan cjt. then, and then, subsequently.
hœ̄þi n.wk.f.ī height hauhei
Nom.Gen.Dat.Acc.
Sg.hœ̄þihœ̄þinshœ̄þinhœ̄þin
Pl.hœ̄þinshœ̄þinahœ̄þimhœ̄þins
golf n.st.n.a golf.
Nom.Gen.Dat.Acc.
Sg.golfgolvisgolvagolf
Pl.golvagolvagolvamgolva

briǧa n.wk.f.jō bridge.
Nom.Gen.Dat.Acc.
Sg.briǧabriǧinsbriǧinbriǧin
Pl.briǧinsbriǧinabriǧimbriǧins

rīkiwite n.st.n.ja politics.
Nom.Gen.Dat.Acc.
Sg.rīkiwiterīkiwičisrīkiwičarīkiwite
Pl.rīkiwičarīkiwičarīkiwičimrīkiwiča

halsgerða n.st.f.ō tie, necktie, cravat.
Nom.Gen.Dat.Acc.
Sg.halsgerðahalsgerðahalsgerðahalsgerða
Pl.halsgerðahalsgerðahalsgerðahalsgerða

Friday, December 15, 2017

Lexember, Day 14

þishwažu prn. whoever
Nom.Gen.Dat.Acc.
Sg.þishwažuþishwižuþishwatmuþishwanu
Pl.þishwǣjuþishwižuþishwimuþishwinǧu
þishwatu prn. whatever
Nom.Gen.Dat.Acc.
Sg.þishwatuþishwižuþishwatmuþishwatu
þishwaru adv. wherever
þishwanu adv. whenever
þishwīju adv. for whatever reason, whyever
þishūgu adv. however, in whatever way
þishwǣjugu adv. however much/many

Thursday, December 14, 2017

Lexember, Day 13

gabœ̄čin vt.wk.1-ijan to improve, to ameliorate, to make better.
Ind.Sbj.Imp.
Prs.Pst.Prs.Pst.
Inf.:
gabœ̄čin
Prt:
gabœ̄činþs
gabōtiþs
ik
þū
is/sī/þat
wīs/wit
jūs/jut
īs/ījas/ī
gabœ̄ča
gabœ̄tis
gabœ̄tiþ
gabœ̄čim
gabœ̄tiþ
gabœ̄činþ
gabōtiða
gabōtiðas
gabōtiða
gabōtiðum
gabōtiðuþ
gabōtiðun
gabœ̄ča
gabœ̄čis
gabœ̄ča
gabœ̄čim
gabœ̄čiþ
gabœ̄čin
gabōtiǧa
gabōtiðis
gabōtiðe
gabōtiðim
gabōtiðiþ
gabōtiðin

gabœ̄ti
gabœ̄čiða
gabœ̄čim
gabœ̄tiþ
gabœ̄činda
kœ̄šin vt.wk.1-ijan to try, to prove, to taste, to test out.
Ind.Sbj.Imp.
Prs.Pst.Prs.Pst.
Inf.:
kœ̄šin
Prt:
kœ̄šinþs
kōsiþs
ik
þū
is/sī/þat
wīs/wit
jūs/jut
īs/ījas/ī
kœ̄ša
kœ̄sis
kœ̄siþ
kœ̄šim
kœ̄siþ
kœ̄šinþ
kōsiða
kōsiðas
kōsiða
kōsiðum
kōsiðuþ
kōsiðun
kœ̄ša
kœ̄šis
kœ̄ša
kœ̄šim
kœ̄šiþ
kœ̄šin
kōsiǧa
kōsiðis
kōsiðe
kōsiðim
kōsiðiþ
kōsiðin

kœ̄si
kœ̄šiða
kœ̄šim
kœ̄siþ
kœ̄šinda
wērin vt.wk.1-ijan to keep, to preserve, to conserve.
Ind.Sbj.Imp.
Prs.Pst.Prs.Pst.
Inf.:
wērin
Prt:
wērinþs
wēriþs
ik
þū
is/sī/þat
wīs/wit
jūs/jut
īs/ījas/ī
wēria
wēris
wēriþ
wērim
wēriþ
wērinþ
wēriða
wēriðas
wēriða
wēriðum
wēriðuþ
wēriðun
wēria
wēris
wēria
wērim
wēriþ
wērin
wēriǧa
wēriðis
wēriðe
wēriðim
wēriðiþ
wēriðin

wēri
wēriða
wērim
wēriþ
wērinda

Wednesday, December 13, 2017

Lexember, Day 12

rynia n.wk.f.ōn course, flow, stream.
Nom.Gen.Dat.Acc.
Sg.ryniaruninsryninrynin
Pl.ryninsryniarynimrynins
mœ̄ti n.wk.f.īn meeting, encounter. Cf. mœ̄čin.
Nom.Gen.Dat.Acc.
Sg.mœ̄timœ̄tinsmœ̄tinmœ̄tin
Pl.mœ̄tinsmœ̄tinamœ̄timmœ̄tins
wiðramœ̄čin vt.wk.1-ijan meet, to encounter, to come across.
Ind.Sbj.Imp.
Prs.Pst.Prs.Pst.
Inf.:
wiðramœ̄čin
Prt:
wiðramœ̄činþs
wiðramōtiþs
ik
þū
is/sī/þat
wīs/wit
jūs/jut
īs/ījas/ī
wiðramœ̄ča
wiðramœ̄tis
wiðramœ̄tiþ
wiðramœ̄čim
wiðramœ̄tiþ
wiðramœ̄činþ
wiðramōtiða
wiðramōtiðas
wiðramōtiða
wiðramōtiðum
wiðramōtiðuþ
wiðramōtiðun
wiðramœ̄ča
wiðramœ̄čis
wiðramœ̄ča
wiðramœ̄čim
wiðramœ̄čiþ
wiðramœ̄čin
wiðramōtiǧa
wiðramōtiðis
wiðramōtiðe
wiðramōtiðim
wiðramōtiðiþ
wiðramōtiðin

wiðramœ̄ti
wiðramœ̄tiða
wiðramœ̄čim
wiðramœ̄tiþ
wiðramœ̄činda
gakwímna vt.st.4 to attain, to reach; to gather, to convene.
Ind.Sbj.Imp.
Prs.Pst.Prs.Pst.
Inf.:
gakwímna
Prt:
gakwímnaþs
gakūmnas
ik
þū
is/sī/þat
wīs/wit
jūs/jut
īs/ījas/ī
gakwíma
gakwímis
gakwímiþ
gakwímam
gakwímiþ
gakwímanþ
gakwám
gakwámt
gakwám
gakūmum
gakūmuþ
gakūmun
gakwíma
gakwímas
gakwíma
gakwímam
gakwímaþ
gakwíman
gakwýmia
gakwýmis
gakūme
gakwýmim
gakwýmiþ
gakwýmin

gakwím
gakwímaða
gakwímam
gakwímiþ
gakwímanda
filo adv. very, greatly.
ljuða n.st.m.i person, human. (Pl. = people)
Nom.Gen.Dat.Acc.
Sg.ljuþsljuðisljuðaljuþ
Pl.ljuðisljuðaljuðimljuðins
swēgnin vi.wk.1-ija rejoice, jubilate, celebrate
Ind.Sbj.Imp.
Prs.Pst.Prs.Pst.
Inf.:
swēgnin
Prt:
swēgninþs
swēgniþs
ik
þū
is/sī/þat
wīs/wit
jūs/jut
īs/ījas/ī
swēgnia
swēgnis
swēgniþ
swēgnim
swēgniþ
swēgninþ
swēgniða
swēgniðas
swēgniða
swēgniðum
swēgniðuþ
swēgniðun
swēgnia
swēgnis
swēgnia
swēgnim
swēgniþ
swēgnin
swēgniǧa
swēgniðis
swēgniðe
swēgniðim
swēgniðiþ
swēgniðin

swēgni
swēgniða
swēgnim
swēgniþ
swēgninda
swēgniða n.st.f.ō celebration, rejoicing, jubilation.
Nom.Gen.Dat.Acc.
Sg.swēgniðaswēgniðisswēgniðaswēgniða
Pl.swēgniðasswēgniðaswēgniðamswēgniðans
swēgnilǭs adj.sa joyless, mirthless, serious, grave, severe.
atlis adv. at all, by any means, completely.
šunskīr adj.ri clear-sighted, clearly-seeing, lucid, “sight-clear.”

Tuesday, December 12, 2017

Lexember, Day 11

korus adj.u heavy, burdensome, oppressive.
koroherts adj.a heavy-hearted, disheartened.
dislíngun vi.st.3wa to fail, to falter, to stumble.
Ind.Sbj.Imp.
Prs.Pst.Prs.Pst.
Inf.:
dislíngun
Prt:
dislíngunþs
dislínguns
ik
þū
is/sī/þat
wīs/wit
jūs/jut
īs/ījas/ī
dislíngua
dislíngus
dislínguþ
dislíngum
dislínguþ
dislíngunþ
disláng
dislāft
disláng
dislúngum
dislúnguþ
dislúngun
dislíngua
dislíngus
dislíngua
dislíngum
dislínguþ
dislíngun
dislýnǧa
dislýngis
dislúnge
dislýngim
dislýngiþ
dislýngin

dislíngo
dislínguða
dislíngum
dislínguþ
dislíngunda
dislínguns n.st.f.i failure, faltering, stumbling.
Nom.Gen.Dat.Acc.
Sg.rǣninsrǣninisrǣninarǣnin
Pl.rǣninsrǣninarǣnimrǣnins
bōgna vi.st.7 to live, to dewll; to build a place to live.
Ind.Sbj.Imp.
Prs.Pst.Prs.Pst.
Inf.:
bōgna
Prt:
bōgnaþs
bōgnas
ik
þū
is/sī/þat
wīs/wit
jūs/jut
īs/ījas/ī
bōga
bōgis
bōgiþ
bōgma
bōgiþ
bōgnaþ
bebōg
bebōft
bebōg
bebōgum
bebōguþ
bebōgun
bōga
bōgas
bōga
bōgam
bōgaþ
bōgan
bebœ̄ǧa
bebœ̄gis
bebōge
bebœ̄gim
bebœ̄giþ
bebœ̄gin

bōg
bōgaða
bōgma
bōgiþ
bōgnada
wunan vi.wk.3 to live at/in, to dwell.
Ind.Sbj.Imp.
Prs.Pst.Prs.Pst.
Inf.:
wunan
Prt:
wunanþs
wunaþs
ik
þū
is/sī/þat
wīs/wit
jūs/jut
īs/ījas/ī
wuna
wunis
wuniþ
wunam
wuniþ
wunanþ
wuniða
wuniðas
wuniða
wuniðum
wuniðuþ
wuniðun
wuna
wunas
wuna
wunam
wunaþ
wunan
wuniǧa
wuniðis
wuniðe
wuniðim
wuniðiþ
wuniðin

wuna
wunaða
wunam
wunaþ
wunanda
atlaþaðu adv. to everywhere, “everywhither”
atlǣna  prn. everyone.
þishwanu adv. whenever, any time.

(I know this is a couple of days late and backdated... I just haven't had a chance until now to get the last few days typed up!)

Monday, December 11, 2017

Lexember, Day 10

ǭðaǧ (ǭðaga, ǭðagist) adj.a happy, glad. Cf. Got. audags

frǭs (frauga, fraugist) adj.wa happy, glad. Cf. Got. fraus

fās (fagua, fagust) adj.a happy, glad. Cf. Got. fahs

glaþs (glaða, glaðist) adj.a happy, glad.

Sunday, December 10, 2017

Lexember, Day 9

I don't have any specifics today.  I did some work on certain types of words, but nothing complete enough to present yet. In the meantime, I got my cards for the Conlang/Con-cultural Card Exchange designed today, so I'm counting this as a successful Lexember entry anyway!

blīþ ǧul glaþ njuge jēr wēnik þis kynia þīnatma
[bliːθ ʤul jɑː glɑθ njuge̞ jei̯r wei̯nik θis jɑː kynia þiːnɑtmɑ]
Happy Yule and Glad New Year wish.I you.ᴅᴀᴛ and family.ᴅᴀᴛ your.ᴅᴀᴛ
Happy Yule and a Glad New Year I wish for you and your family!

Saturday, December 9, 2017

Lexember, Day 8

lǣšin vt.wk.1-ijan to teach
Ind.Sbj.Imp.
Prs.Pst.Prs.Pst.
Inf.:
lǣšin
Prt:
lǣšinþs
lǣsiþs
ik
þū
is/sī/þat
wīs/wit
jūs/jut
īs/ījas/ī
lǣša
lǣsis
lǣsiþ
lǣšim
lǣsiþ
lǣšinþ
lǣsiða
lǣsiðas
lǣsiða
lǣsiðum
lǣsiðuþ
lǣsiðun
lǣša
lǣšis
lǣša
lǣšim
lǣšiþ
lǣšin
lǣsiǧa
lǣsiðis
lǣsiðe
lǣsiðim
lǣsiðiþ
lǣsiðin

lǣsi
lǣsiða
lǣšim
lǣsiþ
lǣšinda
līsna vt.st.1 to learn
Ind.Sbj.Imp.
Prs.Pst.Prs.Pst.
Inf.:
līsna
Prt:
līsnaþs
lisnas
ik
þū
is/sī/þat
wīs/wit
jūs/jut
īs/ījas/ī
līsa
līsis
līsiþ
līsma
līsiþ
līsnaþ
lǣs
lǣst
lǣs
lisum
lisuþ
lisun
līsa
līsas
līsa
līsam
līsaþ
līsan
liša
lisis
lise
lisim
lisiþ
lisin

līs
līsaða
līsma
līsiþ
līsanda
adv a little, a bit.
miǧingarǧ n.st.m.i world.
þis miǧingarðis adv. in the world, on earth, anywhere.
Nom.Gen.Dat.Acc.
Sg.miǧingarǧmiǧingarðismiǧingarðamiǧingard
Pl.miǧingerðismiǧingarðamiǧingarðimmiǧingarðins
bōta st.f.ō  boon, advantage, use, aid.
Nom.Gen.Dat.Acc.
Sg.bōtabōtisbōtabōta
Pl.bōtasbōtabōtambōtas
sundradœ̄min vt.wk.1-ijan distinguish, differentiate, separate one from another. This verb operates with a quasi-di-transitive construction where both objects are in the accusative and connected with the –u particle, e.g. sundradœ̄min þanǣnan þananþranu ‘to tell one from the other.’
Ind.Sbj.Imp.
Prs.Pst.Prs.Pst.
Inf.:
dœ̄min
Prt:
dœ̄minþs
dōmiþs
ik
þū
is/sī/þat
wīs/wit
jūs/jut
īs/ījas/ī
dœ̄mia
dœ̄mis
dœ̄miþ
dœ̄mim
dœ̄miþ
dœ̄minþ
dōmiða
dōmiðas
dōmiða
dōmiðum
dōmiðuþ
dōmiðun
dœ̄mia
dœ̄mis
dœ̄mia
dœ̄mim
dœ̄miþ
dœ̄min
dōmiǧa
dōmiðis
dōmiðe
dōmiðim
dōmiðiþ
dōmiðin

dœ̄mi
dœ̄miða
dœ̄mim
dœ̄miþ
dœ̄minda
in braugo ǭgins adv. at a glance, in an instant.
frafarna vi.st.6 to get lost, to go astray, to lose one’s way.
Ind.Sbj.Imp.
Prs.Pst.Prs.Pst.
Inf.:
frafárna
Prt:
frafárnaþs
frafárnas
ik
þū
is/sī/þat
wīs/wit
jūs/jut
īs/ījas/ī
frafára
frafáris
frafáriþ
frafárma
frafáriþ
frafárnaþ
frafōr
frafōrt
frafōr
frafōrum
frafōruþ
frafōrun
frafára
frafáras
frafára
frafáram
frafáraþ
frafáran
frafœ̄ria
frafœ̄ris
frafœ̄re
frafœ̄rim
frafœ̄riþ
frafœ̄rin

frafár
frafáraða
frafárma
frafáriþ
frafáranda
in nāta adv. at night, in the night.
in daga adv. during the day, in the daytime.
kynþi n.wk.f.īn knowledge, familiarity, understanding. (This is a weak feminine īn-stem noun, though it is probably descended from kunþi, a strong neuter ja-stem.)
Nom.Gen.Dat.Acc.
Sg.kynþikynþinskynþinkynþin
Pl.kynþinskynþinakynþimkynþins